Battle of the Dictionaries

Battle of the Dictionaries Battle of the Dictionaries Battle of the Dictionaries By Maeve Maddox In commenting on the article Forte or Fortà «, Cache or Cachet?, Geoff Foster points out that the Oxford American Dictionary on his Mac supports the /fortay/ pronunciation of forte (in the sense of strong point). He also implies that the same dictionary gives a pronunciation for another French borrowing, cadre, that ignores the /r/ sound. NOTE: Im a bit puzzled about this one. The dictionary on my new Mac laptop gives the pronunciation /kad ree/ for cadre. Pierre B. asks why Americans want to put a /t/ in the French borrowing niche. Alas, when it comes to pronunciation, English speakers face constant decisions. For those who wish to support their decisions with the authority of a dictionary, the first decision to be made is that of which dictionary to cite! As Geoff points out, the Oxford American on the Mac gives the /fortay/ pronunciation as the first choice for forte with the sense of strong point. Its first pronunciation for cadre in his dictionary drops the /r/ sound. The Webster Unabridged, on the other hand, gives /fort/ as the first choice for this use of forte, and offers a pronunciation with the /r/ sound in its first choice for cadre. An alternate pronunciation for cadre, without the /r/ sound, is flagged as chiefly British. Both dictionaries show a short i pronunciation and a /ch/ sound for the che in niche. The /ch/ phonogram (ch as in church) sounds as if it has a /t/ in it. Webster gives a second pronunciation of /nish/ which avoids the /t/ sound, but still gives the word a short i sound for the vowel. As Geoff advises in his comment, take your pick. My pick for forte is /fort/. My pick for niche is /neesh/. As for cadre, I might use the word in writing, but I cant imagine having occasion to use it in conversation. In such an event Id probably include an /r/ sound. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy Products20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

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Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essays

Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essays Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essay Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essay Absorption Spectroscopy Author: Lab Partners: Instructor: Chem 152 Date Work Performed: Date Work Submitted: Abstract A Beer’s Law analysis was used to determine the molar absorptivity of a Red-40 food dye. Using a spectrometer, the best wavelength to use for the analysis of this dye was determined to be 501nm. A series of dilutions were performed and the concentrations were calculated to find ‘E,’ the molar absorptivity, which was determined to be 18035 M-1 cm-1. Introduction The experimental behavior of the absorption spectroscopy lab is to be able to determine the molar absorptivity of a food dye; in this case, Red-40. The determination of the best wavelength to use is found by measuring the highest peak that had an absorbance between 1 and 1. 5. The dye concentration will be accomplished by preparing a series of serial dilutions and measuring the absorbance at the best wavelength previously determined to conduct a Beer’s Law analysis. Absorption spectroscopy is often used to calculate the amount of compound present in a solution sample by measuring the amount of light each wavelength it absorbs. Since the amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the number of molecules in a solution, spectroscopy allows for the determination of a dye concentration and thus the molar absorptivity in the Red-40 dye. Beer’s Law is given by A=Ebc, where ‘A’ is the measured absorbance, ‘c’ is the concentration of the absorbing species, ‘b’ is the width of the cuvette, and ‘E’ is the molar absorptivity constant. This equation describes the linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration, making it possible to calculate ‘E’ by graphing the absorbance versus concentration and finding the slope of the linear line. That being said, it is expected that the absorbance of the dye will decrease as the concentration decreases. Results Red-40 dilutions Solutions (dye-water)| Wavelength (nm)| Volume (ml)| Absorbance| Concentration (M)| Beginning dilution| 501| 105| 1. 46| 7. 59X10-5| 1st dilution 5ml-5ml| 501| 10| . 679| 3. 79X10-5| nd dilution 5ml-2ml| 501| 8| . 529| 2. 84X10-5| 3rd dilution 5ml-2ml| 501| 7| . 330| 2. 03X10-5| 4th dilution 5ml-2ml| 501| 7| . 271| 1. 45X10-5| Molar Absorptivity of Red-40 dye: 18035 M-1 cm-1 As the table above shows, the absorbance is directly related to the concentration. It decreases as the concentration decrease. Calculations Concentration of known stock dye: Red-40= 3. 989X10-3M Serial dilutions: 1st dilution: C1V1=C2V2 C2=C1V1/V2=3. 98 9X10-3M (2mL)/ 105mL=7. 59X10-5M 2nd dilution: C3=C2V2/V3=7. 59X10-5M (2mL)/ 10mL= 3. 9X10-5 M 3rd dilution: C4=C3V3/V4= 3. 79X10-5M (6mL)/ 8mL= 2. 84X10-5 M 4th dilution: C5=C4V4/V5=2. 84X10-5M (5mL)/ 7mL= 2. 03X10-5 M 5th dilution: C6=C5V5/V6=2. 03X10-5M (5mL)/ 7mL= 1. 45X10-5M Since E, the molar absorptivity of the dye, is related to the slope of the line in the chart above, E=18035 M-1 cm-1. Discussion I believe the molar absorptivity of the Red-40 food dye is 18035 M-1 cm-1. This number is found by graphing the measured absorbance versus the calculated concentration of the diluted dyes and then finding the slope. According to Beer’s Law equation, ‘E’ is the linear relationship between the concentration and absorbance. So by calculating the slope of the data line, it gives a reliable number as to what the absorptivity of the Red-40 dye is. With that being said, I am rather confident with my answer for the most part. There are a few things that could have affected the accuracy of the molar absorptivity we calculated, which is the various volumes of solution used. Had we used the same volume every time as well as a gradual decrease in the amount of water used in the dilutions, the results could be more reliable. However, using absorption spectroscopy to monitor the concentration of a reactant in a reaction is very viable. The spectrometer gives an accurate and reliable measurement of the absorbance. All you had to do was to find the measurement at the highest peak. It could have also provided inaccurate readings if the spectrometer was not calibrated corrected with the cuvette of water. Otherwise it is a reliable method to use to find absorbance, calculate concentration, and then the molar absorptivity.

Albinism Essays (1256 words) - Skin Pigmentation, Albinism, Melanin

Albinism Essays (1256 words) - Skin Pigmentation, Albinism, Melanin Albinism INTRODUCTION For my research project I have chosen the genetic disease albinism. There are a few reasons why I chose albinism as my topic. First and foremost, in kindergarten I had a friend who was an albino, and although I have not seen him in over 10 years I am still curious as to what the causes of albinism are. Back then, my mother explained it to me by saying, thats just the way his skin is which is a fine way to explain it to a five year old, but now I find myself wanting to know more. Another reason I am curious about albinism actually extends from my first reason. I often wondered if there was any chance that my kids could possibly be born with it. I know now that it sounds a little bit ridiculous but I would sometimes worry that I wouldnt be able to take my children to the beach (I knew this because my friend from kindergarten could never come with us when we went in the summer). I also used to wonder whether or not my friend could see the same way I could, since his eyes looked so different from mine. As a result of all of this, I could not turn down the opportunity to research a disease that has held my curiosity for such a long time. PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS The most prominent phenotypic characteristic of albinism is obviously the lack of skin coloring. Albino skin is whitish in appearance, sometimes seeming to be almost translucent. Similarly, albino hair is also very pale, appearing closer to white than blonde. Albinism makes the skin extremely sensitive to sunlight. Albinos need to be very careful about exposure to the sun as they have a very high risk of burning due to lack of protection from ultraviolet rays, which is normally provided by the pigment melanin (2). Similar to the skin, albino eyes also lack color; the irises usually appear pinkish. People with albinism often have eye problems. First of all, they suffer from severe sensitivity to bright lights. Cases of extreme nearsightedness or farsightedness that cannot be completely corrected with eyeglasses are also common. People with albinism also sometimes demonstrate an involuntary back and forth movement of the eyes called nystagmus. Finally, people with albinism are more likely to develop astigmatism. It is possible to have albinism that affects the eyes without also affecting the skin. This is known as ocular albinism (3). INHERITANCE Albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder. All the children of two affected homozygous affected parents are also affected. This means that two parents who have albinism, and who possess two recessive alleles each for albinism will produce affected children 100% of the time. Being a relatively rare disorder, albinos are often the children of unaffected parents (this is the case with autosomal recessive disorders). Parents who are both heterozygotes (both carriers of the disease but not having it themselves) have a 75% chance of producing a normal, non-affected child. Because albinism is not carried on the sex chromosomes, it is expressed equally in both males and females, and either parent can transmit the disorder. Albinism also affects people of all races equally. Approximately 1 in 17,000 people has one of the types of albinism, which amounts to roughly 18,000 people in the United States (1). GENETIC AND CELLULAR ORIGINS Albinism is located on chromosome 11q 14-21. The gene associated with albinism is called OCA1 (among a few others). OCA1 codes for the protein tyrosinase. This protein is responsible for converting tyrosine into something called DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine). DOPA plays an important part in the formation of melanin by next becoming dopaquinone. Dopaquinone then forms black-brown eumelanin or red-yellow pheomelanin. Melanin is a pigment, the absence of which causes albinism (2). Albinism occurs when something causes the OCA1 gene to function improperly. This improper function disrupts the production of tyrosinase. With tyrosinase production malfunctioning, it is impossible for the body to make DOPA and as a result the body is also prevented from making melanin. The absence of melanin causes the lack of color in the skin of people who are affected with albinism (2). MOLECULAR ORIGINS The cDNA sequence for the OCA1 gene is 1607 bases long; 325 Adenine,

Business Administration Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Administration - Personal Statement Example The emphasis on the religious and cultural upbringing of a child in my culture is considered as more important than any other aspect of life and as such I believe I was raised as a child who is going to contribute positively towards making others’ lives easier and fulfilling. I passed my Bachelors in Health Administration in 2009 from California State University, Sacramento with an overall GPA of 3.5/4 with degree honor of Cum Laude. Apart from that I also passed Associates of Science and Medical Assistant Certification. This indicates my overall zeal and commitment to continuously upgrade my level of education standards and achieve better education to improve my chances of getting ahead in my career at relatively swift pace. What this also indicates is the fact that my educational credentials are good enough to give me confidence to pursue a higher degree and improve my chances to obtain better career position in the future and this degree will serve as a foundation for me to set foot on a career that is not only self fulfilling and lucrative but also allow individuals to serve the humanity in appropriate manner and remain in touch with the life. I am currently working at Mercy San Juan Medical Center as Patient Registration Rep and my core duties include ensuring that complete and timely information on Insurance is achieved and collecting demographics and financial information about the patients. My current job is therefore relatively administrative in nature as I am supposed to take care of the most critical aspects of hospital management that is maintaining of financial records of the patients and ensure that the timely and accurate information is collected for serving our patients in more appropriate manner. My earlier experience includes working as ER Assistant at Woodland Memorial Hospital, Communications Operator at Mercy General Hospital, Â ­Medical Assistant

Reader Response Criticism of Let America be America Again and Harlem(A Essay

Reader Response Criticism of Let America be America Again and Harlem(A dream deferred) by Langston Hughes - Essay Example When he mentions â€Å"America never was America to me† (p.189,Line 5) what he means that African Americans are also part of the freedom struggle of America and their contribution is not less than the white race, and yet freedom does not free them in the real sense. They face discrimination at every turn of their existence and their actions are being judged. The second battle is tougher than the earlier one, because it is the attack on their sentimental world and essential dignity of their efforts to live with honor. No writer or poet can sweep under the carpet one’s real life experiences and they are bound to find reflection in the writings. Similar is the case with Hughes, and he candidly admits it. He experiences the trauma of segregation and the type of inhuman treatments being meted out to the blacks. He lives to see the changes that engulf the American social and cultural scenario as slavery is banned; all types of racial acts and slurs are legally forbidden and a ll citizens are equal on all counts. But legal protection is just one part of the story. Hughes makes a fervent appeal for total freedom in the real sense of the term. He writes â€Å"But opportunity is real, and life is free, Equality is in the air we breathe†. ... One feels secured under such conditions and has something to look forward to in life. How does this poem make you feel about America? Langston Hughes (Born: 1-2-1902: Died: 22-5-1967) would have been happy to observe things taking shape for the better with each passing day, for the African American race. Recollection of the bitter past becomes tolerable when the present states of affairs are sound. This poem sets me thinking, how fortunate I am to have been born and live in the present period. My heart goes out to the ancestors of the African Americans who suffer untold miseries, physical punishments and mental torture, denial of education and they are compelled to confront all the negativities that one can think of. The present African American generation must be proud of what they are able to accomplish and progress they are making in all walks of life. In short, this poem is like a powerful current that creates great vibrations in my heart. It is inspiring and evocative. My story of struggle in America My story of struggle to establish in America is somewhat similar, if not as grim as that of the race to which Langston Hughes belongs. My parents immigrate to America from India in the 1980s to settle in New York City. I am the first generation Indian American of my family to be born and to take college education in New Jersey. My parents have the problem of getting used to the American accent and language and assimilation with the co-workers is a tough asking and honorable survival is not all that easy. They learn the English language literally from the scratch. Being exposed to the popular culture of America, I grow up as an

Quality in Health Care Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Quality in Health Care Administration - Essay Example Performance can denote, for example, the aptitude to fulfill the customer's needs rapidly with no errors. This research focused on this truth that the add to in demand for MRI services opens a casement of chance for putting up a provider-based release of such repair which will serve as an extra source of income for our recognized orthopedic surgical procedure do (Glasper, E. A., & Pogson, D, 2000). The fulfillment of such tactics equates to addressing the population's wants with the assurance of having a extremely spirited and ground-breaking technology that is the moveable Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine. If we analyzed then we come to know that a dream of a healthy inhabitants who is repeatedly provisioned with the uppermost quality medical services that are sensibly priced. As the manager, it lies in your hands to approach up with a possible plan for the commerce. Several challenges contain been recognized which are to be afterward on discussed (Freytag, P. V., & Hollensen, S, 2001). Due to such, it becomes a main task at hand to give good reason for and go additional than these challenges to see how this commerce will create it and flourish finally. Pushing through by means of this project and following greatly lies in the dream that you have by means of regards to this chance. And such vision would be to give the highest quality checkup services that other providers cannot struggle through. According to the expert analysis the most effectual leaders are the ones who are clever to cascade their dream down to their subordinates. Moreover, lacking such influence, the dream could turn skewed in the prospect. It is of utmost significance that the manager be able to make all the people concerned realize the meaning of the chance at hand. From there, he be supposed to be able to assemble them towards achieving the dream through suitable actions. People, policies, communication and harmonization are the structures that determination creates up this association. Management It is management's accountability to handle all managerial concerns of this association. As such, the formulation of all policies and rule with regards to the operations of this novel commerce is their anxiety. Management puts the dream into put and takes charge of carry out it. Management, therefore, makes the most impact on how this chance will development. Staff This research focused on this truth that as a supplier of healthcare services, the commerce as a whole very much relies on the skills of its employees. The staff has to therefore appreciate their position in the understanding of the dream. The failure to present the uppermost quality services as envisioned would guide to the termination of this industry. Policies and Guidelines Appropriate policies and guidelines are supposed to be put into put to make sure that events for only the uppermost quality are in put. These are to be severely followed. This anchors on the power of the commerce as contribution only the most excellent of the greatest Communication and Coordination Effective communication can be achieved through open surroundings. An environment that promotes optimistic and encouraging message and coordination will stay the association physically powerful (Faulkner, M, 2001). Such will

GAP Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

GAP Business Plan - Essay Example SMA_RT operates one step beyond security products designed to prevent access to intruders. Once the security is breached, an intruder can cause significant damage and huge financial loss in a very short period of time. The SMA_RT solution is to thwart the intruder before he has the opportunity to create havoc. Mainframe computers are no longer stand-alone entities. They are now connected to large networks that span the globe. Information technology (IT) security personnel must now concern themselves with enterprise-wide security throughout their entire network. Type80 Syslog is designed to centralize security event monitoring, bridging the gap between network and mainframe security products. With SMA_RT and Syslog, Type80 is dedicated in providing the highest quality IT security possible on the market. In order to ensure the competitive advantage in our market, we applied for patents for both products. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has completed 2 years of research and accepted all 28 elements of the application. The total fees for the application have been paid and the patent is expected to be issued within the next 30-45 days, making Type80 the sole legal software provider of mainframe Security Monitoring and Alerting in Real-Time (SMA_RT). GAP Funding In its effort of ensuring competitiveness, Type80 continues its thrust to innovate by adding new features to its current offerings and developing entirely new products which will further broaden its ability to monitor, identify, and report an intrusion that virtually touches any resource within the mainframe. In the implementation of Type 80's immediate growth plan, the company expects to incur an estimated $500,000 in total costs. This GAP funding will utilized in the development of a Screen Image Capture Feature (SICF) of the SMA_RT product. This feature will allow forensics investigators and law enforcement agencies to immediately view and capture illegal activities real-time. The data collected by the SCIF can be presented and used as evidence for legal prosecution. The development of SICF gateways is in response to the lack of commercial software with is used for legal purposes. Because of this, SICF also places Type80 an estimated five years ahead if its

The Role of Women, Family, and State according to Aristotle Essay

The Role of Women, Family, and State according to Aristotle - Essay Example According to the views of Aristotle, every State has the intention of doing good for its people. It does not matter in what ways the goodness is achieved, at the end of the day every State has the intention of providing the best for its people and giving them a comfortable and justiciable lifestyle so that they can develop as human beings and usher into the new era with more confidence and passion.Mankind always acts in the order of good. Every society is formed with a view of having a positive impact and influence on the people who comprise the society and this circle flows in existence. The human existence is marked by positivism as well as optimism for the greater good.He then follows by saying that the definition of the leader to be the manager of a few people and for the Statesman to be the manager of a large number of people is sometimes misconstrued to display a false picture which does not exist in reality. Government is very different to the system which is run in the househ olds and from that understanding it would be foolish to say that the qualification required is the same for both the parties.Aristotle then goes on to say that in a family the men is the master and the woman is a slave to the master who has to take care of the house as the man would be out in the fields to get food and money for the family. He works and earns for the family while the woman is there to take care of the children and the men of the family. This is a very narrow definition of the family and Aristotle has gone on a very negative tangent to define the functions and characteristics of the family.

Petty v. Metropolitan Gov't of Nashville & Davidson County Research Paper

Petty v. Metropolitan Gov't of Nashville & Davidson County - Research Paper Example The case also involved Petty, who was a former Police Officer forced out of the Metro Police Department because of active duty mobilization in American Army Reserve. In fact, there were issues that contributed to the case proceeding to court. After returning from active duty, there was a delay in his reemployment request, whereby it exceeded the stipulated duration in relation to execution process. Moreover, Petty was not rehired under the position of patrol sergeant or any equivalent based on the information provided after completion of return-to-work form. Nevertheless, he failed to disclose the facts, which would justify discharge from the Army. Furthermore, there is a policy in Metropolitan Police Department that regard to return-to-work form, which indicates that returnee’s offices are required to compete in situations where they have been a way for a period. 2. Explain how the reemployment provisions of the USERRA were violated in this case. The aim of USERRA provisions is to provide protection of veterans’ rights during the process of seeking re-employment in order to return to service. These provisions focus on the military services and protection against discrimination concerning reemployment. In fact, they offer protection to the military and reserves in a way that prevents cases of losing of employment, relegation, losing of precedence, and loss of benefits in a situation of being called to active duty (United States Court of Appeals, 2012). There is a substantial disparity between USERRA with other laws that protects discrimination against employment and the breadth and potency aimed at protection. In this case, the mandatory reemployment imposes restrictions and prohibition against discrimination and retaliation. In this case, there is a violation of the USERRA provisions by Metropolitan Police Department through the delay involved in re-hiring the Petty in the process of return-to-work (Oubre, 2012). Moreover, the department violates the provisions by denying Petty a position, which he had met the standards and qualification. Therefore, the Metropolitan Police Department has been evidently depicted in their violation against USERRA concerning the provision of reemployment. 3. Explain why the court concludes that Petty has a claim for discrimination under USERRA. There is a conclusion by the court indicating that Petty has a claim for the allegations of discrimination by Metropolitan Police Department based on employment. In fact, this conclusion is made by the court based on the stipulations made by USERRA concerning reinstatement after petitioning for timely re-employment and discharge (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013). In this case, failure of the Metropolitan Police Department to conform with requirements of the act, which expected them to conduct a quick reinstatement of Petty to his former position led to this conclusion. After the allegations by Metro against Petty’s dishonesty, there was a response by the court, which was aimed at reminding them about USERRA. Moreover, these provisions stipulate the authority of employers to terminate a former service member for cause after re-employment. Nevertheless, this is not applicable for an employer to use this as a basis for failing to reinstate a former servi

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electronic Learning English Language Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electronic Learning English Language Essay Electronic-learning is a state-of-the-art technology of education that implies self-motivation ,communication , efficiency, and technology. Because there is limited social interaction, students must keep themselves motivated . E-learning is effective as it eliminates distances and subsequent commutes. Distance is eliminated because the e-learning content is designed with media that can be accessed from properly equipped computers, and other means of internet accessible technology. E-learning has its own advantages and disadvantages . However ,the most important advantages lay in the reduction of time , efforts and cost, adding too which the capability of the computer in improving the general level of studying achievement and in helping the teacher and the student in providing an attractive educational environment which doesnt depend on place or time. Furthermore, we can talk about the following advantages of E-learning with the increasing of communication between the student and themselves and between the student and the school a fast and easy way is needed to bring everybody together. So from the midst of confusion came e-learning to make their lives easy . throughout different directions such as discussing forums, e-mail, and chat rooms. Moreover , researchers think that these things increase and motivate students to participate and react with the subjects in question. there is also the matter of sharing points of views. So the discussing forums and chat rooms provide opportunities to exchange and share the point of views in respect of the subjects in question, the matter which increases the opportunities of making use of the opinions and suggestions of the others, which ,in turn, will help in making a strong background at the learner through what he /she got of knowledge and skills from the chat rooms. Another advantage of e-learning as that it makes all students feel equal. Since the communication tools give each student the opportunity to express his own opinion at any time without being embarrassed , in contrary to the traditional teaching halls which dont have such a feature due to the bad distribution of the tables or because of shyness or other reasons. However, this type of learning gives the complete opportunity to the student to express themselves clearly and directly without any problems of whatever kind. This feature, therefore, might be more useful for the students who feel fear or uneasiness as this method makes students enjoy more encouragement in expressing their ideas and to search for facts in a way more effective than what they can do in the traditional teaching halls. Studies proved that discussing through the internet greatly helps and motivates students for confrontation. E-learning provides teachers with great facilities that are access able out of working hours, that is because the learner can send his/her inquiries to the teacher through the e-mail at any time, yet this feature is more useful and suitable for the teacher instead of being restricted at his desk. In addition, it could be useful for those whose working hours are in contrary with the teachers timetable or when there is an inquiry that can not be adjourned. Different students learn in different ways. One teacher may use a certain way of teaching so E-learning provides different types of teaching. It is possible to get the information in the way that suits the student, whereas some of students prefer the visible method, others prefer the audible or readable method, while others prefer the practical one. However, E-learning and its resources give the possibility of applying resources in different and several methods as the learner may prefer . The E-learning enables the learner to concentrate on the important ideas when writing or collecting the lecture or the lesson. As well as it enables the students who suffer the difficulty of concentration and tasks organizing to make use of the material because it will be organized and arranged easily and its important elements are clearly outlined. The curriculum is also available all day long and all days of the week(24 hours per day and 7 days per week) . this feature is good for the moody persons or for those who prefer to get the information in a specific time, as some of them prefer to study in the morning and the others prefer to study in the evening, also for those who have personal commitments and responsibilities where this feature allows all of them to study at thje time that suits them. By E-learning the attendance is not necessary. The student, in traditional teaching , shall adhere to a timetable that binds all those who are involved in the group work. Now , it is not necessary to do the same as the new technology provided the communication methods without the need to be available in a specific place or time. The new technology provides teachers with several methods of evaluating the progress of students. The teacher has got different direct evaluation methods that enable them to build distribute and sort the information to be evaluated quickly and easily. Especially that time is an essential element for both teacher and learner. So, the student has the ability to get the required information at the time and he place he wants without the need to go from home to the classroom or to the library or to the teachers office the matter which saves time. At the same time, the teacher can save his time as he can send the information to his students through different communication methods. It also reduce the administrative burdens of the teacher. the E-learning reduces the administrative burdens of the teacher which need a lot of time as it became possible to send and receive all these administrative things through the electronic tools with the possibility to know whether the student received these things or not. The other importance of E-learning that it reduces the size of work at school. With the E-learning the work will be less than usual thanks for modern technologies. The most important drawback of E-learning is that there is an absence of the model or the effect of the teacher in this type of teaching. Another disadvantage is that this type of teaching can not discover the talents and capacities of the learners. Teacher -student communication is important and can be more effective face to face but through this type of teaching its quite hard. Also E-learning doesnt develop the verbal or phonetic capability of the learners. This method can only be effective if the learner is sitting at the device so the learners may get tired of sitting to the devices. Through this device the learner is using a motion less mechanism and the absence of the human side in the teaching process as it is absent in the machine. An addition disadvantage of E-learning is that it weakens the social relations at the learners side. Also it can effect the health of the learner. This type of teaching need a huge amount of money particularly at the beginning as it needs modern and developed tools and devices.

Contingency Planning Policy Statement

Contingency Planning Policy Statement Disaster Recovery Planning plays a most vital part in major industries where stored information or so called data plays the key role. Every business organization can be subjected to serious incidents or accidents which can prevent it from continuing day-day or normal operations and may cause in huge loss in terms of time as well as money. These incidents can happen at any day and at anytime, these causes can be natural calamities, human errors and system malfunctions. All Disaster Recovery planning needs to encompass how employees will communicate, where they will go and how they will keep doing their jobs. The details can vary greatly, depending on the size and scope of an organization and the way it does business. For some businesses, issues such as supply chain logistics are most crucial and are the focus on the plan. For others, information technology may play a more pivotal role, and the Disaster Recovery plan may have more of a focus on systems recovery. In this paper we are go ing to primarily discuss about steps to implement an actual disaster recovery plan. Below is the brief description of how the plan is implemented. Developing a contingency planning policy statement Conducting the business impact analysis (BIA) Identifying preventive controls Developing recovery strategies Developing a contingency plan Planning, testing, training and exercises Planning maintenance activities All the above steps are planned and performed taking all factors of the business into consideration. We shall also discuss the limitations of implementing such a plan. We shall also include real time examples and the successful results yielded by implementing the Disaster Recovery Plan. So this plans would act like a backup recovery process or a kind of business continuity solution while the actual system goes offline or corrupted. DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING Have we ever imagined as to what would happen if we belong to a business and we lose critical data or information due to some errors like human errors or a server crash or a lost computer or any natural calamity? Such kind of loss of information could lead to major losses in information in turn would affect the company in term of time and money and in this current world where recession has struck real bad the stakes are even higher. Protection information or data in a company is one of the major tasks or responsibility a company should take, such is the time where the disaster recovery planning would come in great help. Disasters strike untimely in many forms like natural disasters, computer errors or human errors. These kinds of disasters could lead to major catastrophe in the companys future. Disaster Recovery Planning is a procedure or a plan which protects the business data and in case of a calamity would help in continuity of business operations with the least loss amount in ter ms of time and money. The terrorist 9/11 attacks on the United States are one of such great examples in history for many organization decision makers to focus on the need for disaster recovery. There was huge loss of data and resulted in great loss of money and jolted the market for a few months. Business continuity and Disaster Recovery are major components which help to ensure that systems essential to the operation of the organization are available when needed. The term disaster took to a new height after the 9/11 events, before many business used to think disasters in terms of natural calamities or computer errors. Some events occur in such a way that it may take months or even years to recover. Sources say that till date, 70% of small businesses in the U.S. experienced a data loss in the past year due to technical or human disaster alone [AMI U.S. Small Business 2009 Annual Overview]. 1Over years many companied have started to realize the importance of this recovery planning an d business continuity. Sources even say that the companies which have actually using these plans are very happy and secure and scare for any type of disaster has been reduced. Sources say that from the year 2000 there has been a gradual increase in the companies who have started to implement the Disaster Recovery solution and the Business continuity solutions. The IT business has always been a target for many hackers and terrorist organizations all over the world. Over the years IT has improved and has been a major source of money as well as information. The security in the IT organization has always been a question mark as through the years, many disasters have occurred and there has been huge loss of data. In the early years IT companies has always been the target as the security measures werent that strong, they were used to be called as Single Point of Failures. So with the increasing threats from external organization, recovery plans and solutions have started to improve and ga ined lot of Interest over the years. IBM was an organization which had made a major influence in the market in providing the recovery solutions. Many companies initially thought that the implementation of these disaster recovery plans could be really expensive and had to deal with a lot of money, but they soon realized the loss occurred during a disaster is far more than the amount required to invest for the solutions. The primary reason in order to implement this kind of solution is: To implement accurate and continuous critical records, data backup, and off-site storage. To develop various strategies in order to provide alternative sites for business operations. To construct a contingency organization. To resume business operations with the loss of least amount of time and money. The following are the key steps or procedures which are needed to be followed in order to implement a disaster recovery plan: Developing a contingency planning policy statement Conducting the business impact analysis (BIA) Identifying preventive controls Developing recovery strategies Developing a contingency plan Planning, testing, training and exercises Planning maintenance activities CONTINGENCY PLANNING POLICY STATEMENT According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the following statement means that it is a set of management policies and procedures designed to maintain and restore business operations, possibly at an alternate location in the event of emergency, system failure or disaster.-2 This is one major component in the disaster recovery planning. In this, a plan is laid down keeping all the emergency situations in mind and preparation for any kind of disasters which may occur at any point of time. The policy statement is really talks about communication between management and those responsible for developing the plan. Keeping in view the driving goals of the project and the level of financial resources and other resources, the particular people who are involved and are to be responsible, this policy statement gives everything that the planners need to work out options in order to achieve the organizations goals. It also provides the scope to planners to interact with the management in case they need to re-assess the organization goals and resources from time to time. The importance of this step is not just for preparing the plan for the DR implementation but also at this step a major amount of cost is involved than the other phases of the DR implementation. Here a re the key points that the policy statement should address: What kind of disaster does the organization intend to cover? What do the organizations need to accomplish? How much time would it take in order to get things back to normal state? Where does the responsibility of the plan and planners end? How to take advantage of the crisis situation in order to improve your organization image with the stake holders? What level of system should be covered in case of any crisis? What is the maximum level of resources that the plan can command during the preparation, implementation, testing and maintenance? The initial draft for this plan may set goals that turn out to be impossible under the resource constraints specified. But as the time passes we need re-evaluate the policy and adjust the goals and resources according the situations. BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS The primary purpose of this step is to ensure that everything is protected without any loss of resources. This will also facilitate as to how quickly the business operation should have to return to full operations in case a disaster occurs. These are analyzed and identified on the basis of the worst-case scenario which may occur that assumes that the physical infrastructure supporting each respective business unit would be destroyed and all records, equipment, etc. are not accessible within 30 days. The main objectives of the business impact analysis (BIA) are as follows: Estimating on what scale on each business unit can be affected financially, considering the worst case scenarios Estimating on what scale on the operations of each business unit can be affected considering the worse case scenarios. Identifying and estimating the amount of personnel required for recovery operations. Estimating the time frame required for each business unit, considering the worst case scenarios. The key business processes that act as backbones to the organizations ability to carry out its business are identified and the requirements that drive these processes are also analyzed. The above processes can be identified and sorted in two different ways. Outside-In Analysis: This analysis is conducted in consideration with external stake holders, outside suppliers and internal departments which depend on IT services. The outside-in analysis focuses on whole systems, at each layer taking into consideration, the current process or system as distinct from the users or other systems that depend on it and via versa. Depending on the overall complexity of your business and how it makes the ideal solution to divide things up in the context, we may end up with just a single layer or with many of them. Inside-Out Analysis: The inside-out phase primarily focuses on resources that are required in each layer in order to provide the services that have been identified in the Outside-In phase which covers everything from the core system to the IT resources in the organizations. Then for each of the above we shall determine the impact of a disaster which may cause disruption or damage of the resource on the functioning of the system and its ability to deliver the services on which other layers depend on. Then we determine the maximum time wastage due to the disaster test we conducted on each of the services on the basis of what other layers are dependent on these services. We shall also include in the analysis any indirect effects which were caused by the disaster on these services. The BIA Report should be presented to the Steering Committee PREVENTIVE MEASURES There has been a simple formula for determining the risk associated financially with a given type of disaster; $R=P*C*T where P is the probability that the disaster will occur, C is the hourly or daily cost of downtime in lost productivity, lost revenue, etc. and T is time outage. The primary purpose of this step is to reduce the time outage, which are also the main purposes of the DR plan. Since the risk and the other factor are directly proportional to the time outage associated, hence the reduction of time is the primary responsibility of this task. At the same time the reduction of the other two factors which is the probability of the occurrence of the disaster and the cost due to the downtime are equally important. So minimizing all the three factors would result in the least risk possible. Generally sources say that the cost of preventing a problem is far lower than the cost of fixing it after it occurs. Let us now look into how we can identify the above factors. Firstly the pr obability of disaster occurring is generally is the toughest one to say. Natural calamities come and strike without a sign. The only way to prevent them is to make the organization sites in safe places. Next is the computer malfunction or server crash, these can be prevented by regular maintenance, constant tracking through performance monitors, proper vigilance and good security. Secondly is the cost reduction, there should be maintenance in such a way that generally if by chance there has been any damage the system should be protected. We should not be in a position to replace and get a new one. Generally the cost associated in installing a new machine is always higher than the maintenance cost put on it. Even the cost of downtime can be reduced by reducing the organizations dependence on the system. Thirdly is the time outage, we need to have special ops teams which should act readily to any situational catastrophe. So by reducing all the above factors we can reduce the probabili ty of risk on the organization. RECOVERY STRATERGIES The primary task of this step is to determine how we have to achieve the disaster recovery goals for each of the systems and system components that were identified in the Business Impact Analysis. It is here that we do the core work of balancing costs and benefits of the available approaches. This step is not just about selecting specific vendors, determining exact costs, or developing detailed procedures, but the main purpose in this stage is to select the types of solution that you will use and to determine the scales of the costs involved. There are a set of consideration we need to follow while going through this phase. Firstly, we need to consider exactly what type of disasters may occur and classify them into different types based on the effectiveness Secondly; we need to consider solutions of differing range of coverage i.e. we need to determine solutions which can protect on the site failures as such a solution can also protect the system and its components. Lastly we need to consider are the characteristics of infrastructure, human and data aspects of recovery. Each of the above three factors should be considered separately and we should determine what type of solution and the cost associated for the solution. Out of the above three factors Infrastructure recovery is the simplest. The best feature of infrastructure is that it can be replaced easily. People are considered more difficult factors. Every personnel in the company are associated with particular skills and accordingly they are assigned roles. So if a recovery strategy is needed to be implemented on these people, suppose if a personnel has been fired or he quits then finding another personnel of the same skill set and roles is always an additional cost ,since we need to play better salaries. Thirdly it is the data; this cannot be replaced at any cost. Once a data is lost cannot be recovered at any cost. What we need to determine is to what extent of data we can lose and identify which is the c ritical data and we need to protect it accordingly. Once this is done, we have to note the recovery strategies for each system on the Master System Information form. DEVELOP THE CONTINGENCY PLAN This step is the apex or the peak activity of all your work. The main outcome of this phase is the documented plan and the complete implementation of the infrastructure in order to implement the plan. This documented plan includes each and every information of assumptions, constraints and specific procedure needed to be implemented. The implementation phase contains all the purchasing and setup of all the hardware and implementation at the sites, communication services etc. This phase itself is run by a team, just like a team which handles projects. Team which consists of different expertise with fixed timelines and deadlines. According to the NIST guide the following are some aspects or steps which needed to be followed during the plan. 1. Introduction: Here the main task is to document the goals and scope of the plan, along with any requirements that must be taken into account whenever the plan is updated. 2. Operational Overview: The purpose of this section is to provide a concise picture of the plans overall approach. It contains essentially two types of information: (1) a high-level overview of the systems being protected and the recovery strategies employed and (2) a description of the recovery teams and their roles. 3. Notification/Activation Phase: According to the NIST guide this phase defines the initial actions taken once a system disruption or emergency has been detected or appears to be imminent. This phase includes activities like notifying recovery personnel, assessing system damage and implementation of the plan. At the completion of this phase, recovery staff will be prepared to perform contingency measures to restore system functions on a temporary basis. 4. Recovery Phase: This section of the plan is one that documents in detail the solutions to be used to recover each system and the procedures required to carry out the recovery and restore operational activities. 5. Reconstitution Phase: This is the last of the three sections of the plan. As per the NIST guide this phase is where the recovery activities are terminated and normal operations are transferred back to the organizations facility. If the original facility is unrecoverable, the activities in this phase can also be applied to preparing a new facility to support system processing requirements. 6. Appendices: The appendices contains any information that (a) is necessary as reference material during recovery, (b) may be necessary during any revision of the plan, or (c) documents legal agreements. PLANNING TESTING TRAINING AND EXERCICES In this fast moving modern information technology world, with the change in time and things, many hardware components are replaced, softwares are upgraded, networks are reconfigured, data sizes grow. All the above factors play a major impact on the performance of the disaster recovery systems. Testing and exercising goals are established and alternative testing strategies are evaluated from time to time. Each and every procedure required for testing should be properly documented from time to time. Initially the testing should be done in sections and should be conducted after the office hours. Below are some types of testing: Check List Testing Simulation Testing Parallel Testing Full Interruption Testing Although these systems were fully tested when first installed, but the system is dynamic in nature, so proper training should be given to personnel from time to time. We need to conduct exercises from time to time to check the status and under different condition with the help from all the personnel in the organization. Once the plan has been properly tested and documented it should be approved by the top management to start off. The management would take all the responsibility of preparation of policies, procedure, responsibilities and tasks associated with it. It should make sure that they review the contingency plan at least annually and re-assess and approve it. At the same it should be responsible in making limitations and constraints. Proper implementation of the above all factors will lead to a smooth start up and helps the DR plan successful. PLAN MAINTAINENCE After developing a disaster recovery plan, it is equally important to ensure that the plan accurately runs accordingly to the current requirements and systems. There are three places, at which the plan can be reviewed firstly, during testing annually or semiannually, and secondly when changes are made in either the IT systems being protected or in the business processes they support. The first of the above two falls in the responsibility of the top management in the disaster recovery planning and so has to be done on a regular basis. The last requires that consideration of the impact of the changes on the disaster recovery plan to be introduced as a standard consideration in procedures that are outside the scope of direct concern of those responsible for the DR plan. SUMMARY The world is fast changing and organizations need to be prepared for natural or manmade disasters that could disrupt business processes. Customers and millions of dollars could potentially be lost and never be recovered if business processes are disrupted. The Business Continuity Plan helps resume the business processes and the Disaster Recovery Plan helps resume the IT systems. The core objective of a Disaster Recovery Plan is to restore the operability of systems that support mission-critical and critical business processes to normal operation as quickly as possible. Business continuity planning integrates the business resumption plan, occupant emergency plan, incident management plan, continuity of operations plan, and disaster recovery plan. Personnel from each major business unit should be included as members of the team and part of all disaster recovery planning activities. These people need to understand the business processes, technology behind those processes, networks, and systems in order to create the disaster recovery plan. Applications and systems are identified by the team that is mission-critical and critical to the organization. There would be a specialist disaster recovery team which will be responsible for training, implementing, and maintaining the plan. They will possess unique skills, knowledge, and abilities that should be updated in the plan. A Disaster Recovery Plan that is well developed, trained on, and maintained, will minimize loss and ensure continuity of critical business processes in the event of disaster.

The Common Origins of the World’s Major Religions Essay -- Essays Pape

The Common Origins of the World’s Major Religions All too often in modern society it is the differences and conflicts that serve to separate religious groups that are emphasized. The mainstream media, fundamentalists’ propaganda, and other sources choose to ignore the numerous similarities that many religions share, and instead focus on the divisive elements. In this paper, I will attempt to shed light on the many commonalities in dogma that I believe exist between the major religions of the world. I also want to illustrate the fact that in addition to having similar core teachings, many religions have histories that have either endured or arisen during times of persecution. It is ironic that in many cases, the persecution that a particular group faces happens to be at the hands of the mainstream of a society who at one time or another had been persecuted themselves for their religious beliefs. Throughout the history of civilization, religion has played an essential role in many societies. There are many reasons why religions have played such a prominent role in defining the culture of a society, but arguably the most notable of these reasons is that a belief or faith in a spiritual or divine power can add meaning and significance to may people’s worldly lives. This phenomenon has proven to be especially true amongst persecuted peoples. One of the reasons why persecuted peoples have shown a great propensity for holding steadfast religious beliefs is that their faith can give them a sense of hope and reason for living despite the terrible conditions of persecution. Evidence of this can be seen in the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic societies. All three of these societies have been subjected to varying forms of pers... ...micro as well as macro levels. Works Cited Armstrong, Karen. The Battle for God. New York: Random House, Inc. 2000. Armstrong, Karen. Islam. New York: The Modern Library. 2000. Chilton, Bruce. Rabbi Jesus. New York: Random House, Inc. 2000. Encyclopedia Britannica 2002 Herman, A.L. A Brief Introduction to Hinduism. Boulder: Westview Press. 1991. Humphreys, Christmas. Exploring Buddhism. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1974. Kauffman, William E. Contemporary Jewish Philosophies. New York: University Press of America. 1985. Iftekhar, Mahmood. Islam: Beyond Terrorists and Terrorism. Lanham: University Press of America. 2000. â€Å"Christians Try to Recapture Jewish Roots,† http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/970418/christan.shtml http://www.religioustolerance.org/jainism.htm http://www.ops.org/scrtec/india/jainism.html www.beliefnet.com

Tragic Realization Through Trials in Works of William Styron Essay

Tragic Realization Through Trials in Works of William Styron      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The apocalyptic view maintains that life is a struggle between good and evil that can not be justified morally. Samuel Coale suggests that it is that ethical "quest, the search of values of [William Styron's] heroes amid the stark realities of pain and suffering" that plays into his novels (399). Nat Turner, in The Confessions of Nat Turner, revisits his insurrection and comes to terms with his relationship with God and his own role in the rebellion. The two main characters in Sophie's Choice, Stingo and Sophie, both go through separate trials and end with different conclusions concerning man's impact in life. In The Long March, Captain Mannix struggles with senseless death and his role in an opposing society. Each of these characters fights others but is also forced to confront the hell that his or her body houses.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Confessions of Nat Turner is divided into two parts: the rush of evil and violence and the calm after the storm. The story of the insurrection is told in flashback as Nat analyzes his actions from his jail cell. Throughout the rebellion, Nat defends himself by saying that God has commanded him to rid the world of white people. However, as he continues through his meditation, he realizes that God may have not been there after all, prodding him along. His first revelation comes when he finds he cannot pray in jail. Though he attempts to do so, the words do not come and he does not feel God's presence. Only after he thinks over the entire ordeal can he begin to talk to God again.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Nat's motto throughout the insurrection originates from the Bible,   "The first shall be last and the last shall be first." Styron explain... ...6. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 60. New York: Gale, 1990, 399-403. Hoffman, Frederick J. "William Styron: The Metaphysical Hurt." The Art of Southern Fiction: A Study of Some Modern Novelists. 1967. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 15. Detroit, Michigan: Gale, 1980, 524-26. Kakutani, Michiko. "William Styron and His Life and Work." The New York Times Book Review. Dec 1982, 3,26. Rpt. in   Ã‚  Ã‚   Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 60. New York: Gale, 1990, 394-96. Pearce, Richard. "William Styron." American Writers. Ed. Leonard Unger.   New York: Scribner's, 1974.   Ã‚  Ã‚   "Sophie's Choice." Magill Book Reviews. 1979, n.pag. MAS. Styron, William. The Confessions of Nat Turner. New York: Random,1966. _____. The Long March. New York: Random, 1952. _____. Sophie's Choice. New York: Random, 1976.   

Hannibal and the Carthaginian Empire Essay

Hannibal was great and famous Carthaginian general. He is remembered for his great strategic skills on the battle field and as a great military chief. Born in late 247 BC, was the oldest son of Hamilcar Barca. In 237 BC, Hamilcar took his nine year old son, Hannibal, to the altar of a Carthaginian god and made him pledge eternal hatred to the Romans. Then Hannibal and his father left for Spain. The headquarters of Carthaginian power in Spain was the city of New Carthage. Hannibal saw immediately his father’s techniques for war . When Hamilcar perished in the battle of 230 BC, his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, became the military leader plus the political leader and continued Carthage’s pressure in Spain. In 226 BC Hasdrubal signed an agreement with the Romans. The agreement stated that neither army could cross the Ebro River in the northern Spain . When Hasdrubal was murdered in 221 BC, the Carthaginians collectively elected twenty-six-year-old Hannibal to be the leader in Carthaginian government and commandant of the army in Spain. After Hamilcar’s death Hannibal became an excellent military leader. â€Å"Under [Hannibal’s] control the Carthaginians made large territorial advances†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I-cias). He learned quickly how to be a leader and with the support of his brothers he was able to succeed through his battles. Hannibal was crossing the Alps and was able to receive rations for a couple days. â€Å"On the third day he captured a Gallic town and provided the army from its stores with rations for two or three days† (Alps). He wanted the best for his army, but had little support from Carthage. Despite the number of men falling from the army due to natural disasters he managed to recruit others. â€Å"Even if many fell from his army during this march because of snowstorms, landslides, and attacks from hostile local tribes, he managed to recruit new personnel along the route. † His strategy was to respond quickly to these natural disasters and it helped him. Hannibal earned his success by enduring hardships with his recruits and reinforcements. Hannibal experienced many challenges including battle delays little amount of military equipment and a small number of reinforcements from home. Other military leaders knew he would not be able to handle a delay due to the lack of preparation he took for each battle. â€Å"He [Fabius, Roman Military Leader] believed that Hannibal lacked the equipment for a prolonged siege and that a delay in the battle would seriously reduce the Carthaginian food supply†. Rome believed that delays would end in the conquering of Hannibal because of the lack of necessities there was little he could do. Hannibal began to suffer during his career due to the lack of food. â€Å"Zama was the only defeat. Hannibal suffered in his military career† . After his defeat his enemies began to discover his weakness. Hannibal was running out of everything during the Battle of Cannae and his help refused to aid him. â€Å"Hannibal needed reinforcements, which the Carthaginian government refused to furnish, and he also lacked siege weapons† . Hannibal’s restrictions could have given him success, had he been willing to bargain with another force greater then his own. Hannibal was the instrument of his own undoing. Hannibal was set on being the conqueror and set on some one else’s defeat, which lead him to his own. His enemy, Rome, was the center of his downfall. He would never settle and there was no satisfaction between them. â€Å"†¦In 218, he clashed with the Roman army. The Romans claimed that this was a break of an existing treaty between Rome and Carthage and demanded Hannibal surrendered to them†¦the Second Punic War started† (I-cias). If Hannibal conquered Romans he would never be able to rule over. â€Å"According to legend, Hamilcar had made the young Hannibal swear on a sacred altar that he would remain an enemy of Rome for life† . Hannibal had made a promise to his father, therefore intending to go on with nothing. â€Å"The loss of the second city of Italy cost Hannibal the allegiance of many of his Italian allies and put an end to his hopes of further replenishing his army from their ranks† . Hannibal had lost it all. His hope had been limited at this point. Hannibal both succeeded and failed. He never won the hearts of the people; therefore he was never able to truly be victorious. Hannibal married a Spanish princess and conquered the surrounding land and took hostages from the adjacent tribes to assure their loyalty to him without crossing the Ebro River, except for the city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome. When Saguntum began trouble between Carthage and Rome in 219 BC, Hannibal invaded the city. This began the Second Punic War . After hearing the declaration of war Hannibal immediately starts off towards Rome. The problem was he had to go by land since Rome controlled the seas. Hannibal began a long and hazardous expedition across the Pyrenees and the Alps in August of 218, with battle elephants walking at the front of his army . In the spring of 218 BC, Hannibal handed over command of the Spanish armies to his brother Hasdrubal. He then led his troops north toward the Pyrenees Mountains and began one of the most famous journeys in history . Hannibal’s army included Libyans and Numidians from North Africa, Iberians and Celtiberians from Spain, and Gauls from Spain, France, and Italy. There were thirty-five thousand foot soldiers, twelve thousand horsemen, and fifty war elephants. Hannibal used the elephants to break infantry lines and to create fear and disorder. The elephants also frightened horses, so they were able to disrupt the enemy’s cavalry . In the Pyrenees, Hannibal encountered resistance from local tribes. He lost a lot of his men to fighting, and some of the mercenaries went home because they were scared of the long journey. With all this, Hannibal continued to move as quickly as possible, but bad luck fell into Hannibal’s lap as early snows and landslides kill many of his men and almost all of his war elephants . He enters Italy with only twenty-six thousand men and five or six war elephants in September 218. Hannibal and his troops spent the winter in Po Valley. In the spring of 217 BC When news of Hannibal’s army reached Rome, the Gauls of northern Italy revolted. They joined Hannibal in fighting the Romans. Now Hannibal had a sufficient army of infantry and cavalry. The Romans had plans to attack Carthage and New Carthage, but they had to be delayed because of the rebelling tribes in Italy and the approach of Hannibal. So the Romans sent troops under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio, to stop Hannibal at Massilia . Massilia is on the French coast where the Rhone River runs into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone is a wide river with a swift current, so it was a great obstacle to Hannibal. Scipio’s troops set up camp by the sea, thinking that Hannibal would reach Massilia in the near future. But he did not realize how fast Hannibal was moving his troops . When Scipio received news of Hannibal, it was too late. Hannibal had moved his entire army across the Rhone, fifty miles north of Massilia . Although Hannibal’s army had been reduced to twenty-six thousand infantry, nine thousand horses, and five or six elephants, it was a great accomplishment to get across the Rhone. To transport the elephants, the men built rafts . When the Alps came into view, Hannibal allowed his army a few days to rest, because he knew that his army had doubts about crossing the Alps. Never before had elephants crossed the Alps. The army did not reach the Alps until late in the year, and many troops and horses were killed. Some troops who came from warmer climates died from the cold. Some troops died of hunger because food was short to come by. Others died in fights with mountain tribes. Some of the mountain tribes rolled big stones down the mountains and caused men and animals to fall from the narrow mountain passage .

Hitchens’s Concepts of Religion and Politics Essay

One of the most controversial man, Christopher Hitchens, in his letters, â€Å"Letters to a Young Contrarian† (2001), implies that people of the contemporary society should avoid thinking other than for themselves by taking on the pathway of being a contrarian. His purpose is to help â€Å"individuals on how they think, and not what they think by making them a more independent and questioning person† (63). The letters take us through a pathway of what is means to be a contrarian. He uses great personal and current examples to explain why individuals should have a voice for their own. Two of the most important topics in which he heavily discusses about are religion and racism. Throughout Hitchens letters, he uses pathos and logos appeals to create arguments in which defy religion and racism in an effective manner. One of the most debatable topics in Hitchens’s letters is about religion.Hitchens argues his point on why he is against religion using an ethos approach. He gains credibility with the audience by mentioning, â€Å"I can speak with more experience of the Christian propaganda, since I was baptized ass an Anglican, educated at a Methodist boarding school with compulsory religious instruction and was once received into the Greek Orthodox Church for reasons that are irrelevant here.† (59) While I do agree that he has gained some credibility being that he once experienced a life of what it’s like to be a believer of God, I don’t think it makes his argument any stronger. In this way, Hitchens argue his beliefs and appealing to the audience’s emotions. â€Å"In some ways I feel sorry for racists and for religious fanatics, because they miss the point of being human, and deserve a sort of pity. But then I harden my heart, and decide to hate them all the more, because of the misery they inflict and because of the contemptible excuse they advance for doing so. It especially annoys me when racists are accused of discrimination. The ability to discriminate is a precious faculty; by judging all members of one ‘race’ to be the same, the racist precisely shows himself incapable of discrimination.† (110)

Cognitive Sense-Making

Cognitive Sense-Making Cognitive Sense-Making During my individual learning, I applied aspects of constructivism theory of learning knowledge and sense-making to the learning process in order to reflect upon and assess the outcome of such process and its relevance to perception and understanding aspects. From cognitive perspective, construction of meaning for new information proceeds from this meanings evaluation in the old mental model. I have reached the conclusion that meaning construction is produced by my perception of new information, retrieval of familiar data from it, and sorting out that data in order to figure out how it relates to my previous cognitive knowledge. In this stage, I use my tacit knowledge for meaning making to achieve my personal understanding of new information. Furthermore, I experience the idea of creative tension, which is based on the difference between what I already know and what benefits may I get from things I will find out. Two-way communication strategies with my instructor help me fill informational deficit and remove cognitive dissonance which alters my understanding. It should be pointed out that a teacher-cognitive negotiation, which results in feedback, involves an explicit discourse and combines it with initial tacit knowledge. My previous experience with new meaning construction is reflected in these stages of the sense-making process and learning communication. It also reinforces a subsequent process of my knowledge construction, which assists in development of evaluative skills. Therefore, my misinterpretations are corrected through assimilation of previous and new knowledge, accommodation of the latter in judgment memory, and evaluation of proper interpretation. In addition, the worth of these ideas are reflected in the combination of personal constructivism strategies, sense-making and knowledge construction processes, which develop metacognitive skills, proceed thinking order to the higher level, create deeper understanding, and stimulate me to learn. Furthermore, I extend my learning from knowledge creation to its interpretation, which is the result of my learning process with reinforced representations.

The Case of the Missing Italics

The Case of the Missing Italics In a column by Boston Globe journalist Ellen Goodman, this odd-looking sentence caught my eye: Lets go back to a McCain op-ed that did run in The New York Times before the invasion. Funny, but Id seen this sort of thing before- in a George Will column (from May 2007) that appeared in the online edition of The New York Post: This citys taxi cartel is offering an audacious new rationalization for corporate welfare, asserting a right a (BEG ITAL)constitutional(END ITAL) right, (BEG ITAL)in perpetuity(END ITAL) to revenues it would have received if Minneapolis City Council had not ended the cartel that never should have existed. Obviously, the parenthetical remarks are computer-speak for begin and end italics- a message that in these two cases had been improperly coded, transmitted, or received. Not an especially newsworthy matter, perhaps, but the question arises: why do newspapers still experience such problems with italics? An answer, of sorts, can be found in The Associated Press Stylebook, the (American) journalists bible: Italic type face cannot be sent through AP computers. Turning for amplification to Ask the Editor at APStylebook.com, we find a number of inquiries pertaining to italicsall of them answered patiently by David Minthorn in more or less the same way: Is it correct to italicize car names, for example, would Prius in Toyota Prius be in italics? - from Pasadena, California on Wed, Jul 30, 2008Italics arent used for car names or anything else in AP news stories. Dont be confused by italicized examples in the AP Stylebook.What is the rule for the title of academic journals? Should they be italicized or put in quotation marks? - from Little Rock, AR on Wed, Jul 09, 2008AP uses straight type for titles of academic and other journals, no quotation marks or italics, principal words capitalized.Us Magazine (entire thing ital) or Us magazine (no ital on magazine)? - on Tue, Jun 03, 2008 Us Weekly . . . AP doesnt use italics in news stories.What is the correct style for the New England Journal of Medicine? Italics or quotation marks? Thanks in advance. - from Washington DC on Tue, May 06, 2008No quotes or italics for titles of publications, so its correct as written.Boat/Ship names should be italicized, but in the instance of USS Arizona, wo uld USS also be italicized? - on Tue, Apr 22, 2008The AP Stylebook would only use USS Arizona in italics as an example, to differentiate from a definition. In AP news stories, italics arent used because the typeface doesnt transmit through all computers. Were left to wonder which model of Kaypro computer the AP still relies on. Most style guides (those without AP in the name) advocate the use of italics for emphasis and with titles of complete works- books, plays, movies, magazines, CDs, television series, and works of art. But then, if you subscribe to The AP Stylebook, theres really nothing left to learn about italics. More About Online Resources for Writers: Top Three Grammar and Usage Advice SitesTop 10 Blogs for Writers, Editors, Teachers of WritingTop Five Business Writing Sites

Spanish Words Meaning Half

Spanish Words Meaning Half The English word half can be translated to Spanish in several ways, depending on, among other things, what part of speech it is used as. Medio (Adjective) Medio is used as an adjective, and as such it agrees with the noun it refers to in number and gender. Examples El edificio ocupa una media manzana. (The building occupies half a block.) Contiene sà ³lo 103 calorà ­as por media taza. (It has only 103 calories per half-cup.)Es medio hombre, medio vampiro. (Hes half man, half vampire.) Pasaban las horas y las medias horas tambià ©n. (The hours passed, and so did the half-hours.) In some cases, the noun that medio (or one of its variations) refers to can be omitted. Examples Hay tres clases semanales de una hora y media. (There are three weekly classes of an hour and a half.) Necesito una cuchara y media de azà ºcar. (I need a spoonful and a half of sugar.) Medio (Adverb) Medio also is used as an adverb, usually referring to adjectives. In standard Spanish, it is invariable, not changing in number or gender with the adjective it refers to. (In some areas, it is not unusual in spoken Spanish to change the form of medio to agree with the adjective, but such use is considered substandard.) Examples  ¿No ser una de esas mujeres medio locas? (You wouldnt be one of those half-crazy women?) Siempre te veo medio borracho. (I always see you half-drunk.) La tarea est medio hecha. (The homework is half-done.) A Medias A medias is a phrase that can function as either an adjective or adverb. Examples Accesibilidad a medias no es accesibilidad. (Half-accessibility isnt accessibility.) Esa informacià ³n contiene verdades a medias. (The information contains half-truths.) La mirilla me permite ver a medias la silueta. (The peephole lets me half-see the outline.) Comprendo a medias muchas canciones en inglà ©s. (I half-understand many songs in English.) La Mitad La mitad, which often means middle, can also be used as a noun to mean half. Examples El vino rojo reduce a la mitad el riesgo. (Red wine reduces the risk to half.) Replantaremos la mitad del cà ©sped. (We will replant half the lawn.) Cada segundo se crea un blog nuevo, pero solo la mitad permanecen activos. (Each second a new blog is created, but only half remain active.)  ¡Cartuchos de impresora a mitad de precio! (Printer cartridges at half price!)

Essay about 483 Hw 2

Essay about 483 Hw 2 Essay about 483 Hw 2 Jake Novicki 2/6/14 MGMT 483 2. In every company, big or small, employee motivation is a factor that can have sales booming or at an all time low. An individual incentive pay program can be used as a very effective motivating tool when applied to the proper jobs. However, there are a few jobs which this program would be inappropriate for and could cause more harm than good. A job in sales such as a care salesman would be appropriate when applying the incentive pay. The incentive to make more money of of each sale is going to drive the employee to really push his sales onto the customers and try his best to close as many deals as possible. Jobs in manufacturing could also use incentive pay as a motivator. Managers at the warehouse I work in offer bonus pay each quarter for effective and high quality productions from each employee. The jobs jobs that I I believe an incentive program would be inappropriate are policemen and firemen. These jobs require the employees to be motivated at all times not only for the ir safety but as well as they people they serve. The fact that they put their life on the line every time they go to work should be incentive enough. 4. Under a group or company wide incentive program there will still be employees who are not motivated to perform their job at a high level and will still end up benefiting from the hard work and dedication from their co-workers. what I believe the company can do in this situation to stop the poor performing workers from benefiting off others is monitor each individual and grade the performance for each week. Just as the company’s efficiency is being monitored I believe each individuals progress should be monitored an recorded weekly. When it comes times for the benefits to be handed out the employees individual track records should be reviewed and those who did not perform at an acceptable rate should not be offer the bonus or benefits the others receive.

International relation discussion 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International relation discussion 2 - Article Example The governments of countries are supposed to provide an infrastructure for economic and social development. The problem with this premise is that many governments across the world lack the resources to provide these services to the general public. The sovereignty that the government once held over the population is not as strong as in the past due to the influence of the private sector. I do not believe that multinational corporations pose a threat to the state sovereignty due the fact that the private industry is helping the government fulfill its social function inadvertently through its economic activity in the marketplace. These corporations donate a lot of money and resources to help battle social problems such as hunger, disease, and poor educational infrastructure. Their contributions are performed without an added cost towards the government. Multinational corporations benefit from establishing good relationship with the government of countries by obtaining economic incentive s in order to reduce labor cost, lowering taxes, and provide financing for capital projects. Private corporations and governmental institutions benefit when they cooperate and work in alliance in order to provide maximum benefit to the general public Define "Unipolarity" and comment on the role of the US as a hegemonic power that might affect world stability.

Environmental ocean hcom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmental ocean hcom - Essay Example ncrease the awareness of people from all walks of life in the need to preserve our marine environment, not just for the sake of the marine animals, but also for us and the future generations. In order to inform people about our cause, as well as the state of our world’s different bodies of water, we would be conducting several methods of communicating with them. One of these methods that we would be using would be to reach out to our audience by providing various information with regards to the present pollution state of the oceans and seas, the effects of mindless dumping of garbage and other toxic waste in all bodies of water, how global warming adds to the problem of acidification of waters in the ocean and its effects on marine life, as well as how pollution can affect people whenever they get exposed to either the polluted waters or tainted seafood. Not only would we be providing seminars and talks about this, but we would also be inviting other experts on the field so as to give people assurance that what we tell them are not politically-motivated statements, but are things that they must know to keep them safe and healthy as well as making them aware of the ir responsibilities to nature. We would also be publishing reading materials for people who are interested in our cause but are unable to attend our talks, so that they could still be informed of our goals and visions. Lastly, we would be conducting clean-up drives in coastal areas, as well as inviting other people to volunteer with us so that they would know that we are not just a group that talks about saving the oceans, but also we are people who are dedicated in our cause. While we remain optimistic that we would be able to send out message out to people properly and without fail, as well as being able to do what we were setting out to do, it cannot be helped that we would have some roadblocks along the way. For example, it may be possible that we would be up against larger corporations, especially

Should the government increase the minimum wage Essay

Should the government increase the minimum wage - Essay Example t employers could not afford these federally mandated pay raises and would be forced to lay-off workers and that most persons who make the minimum wage are teenager or temporary workers, not heads of households with a dependent family to support. This discussion examines the benefits of raising the minimum wage not only for those workers who would gain monetarily but to employers as well and the economy as a whole. Currently, the minimum wage stands at $5.15 per hour. Congress recently voted itself another pay raise but killed a bill that would raise the minimum wage to $7.50 an hour. â€Å"Raising the minimum wage to $7.50 would positively affect the lives of more than eight million workers, including an estimated 760,000 single mothers and 1.8 million parents with children under 18† (Dobbs, 2006). This modest increase would only have put minimum wage earners near the poverty line, about $16,000 for a family of three (Poverty Guidelines, 2006). As a result of the inaction by Congress, these eight million American workers will not be able to provide the most basic needs for their families. In 2002, the U.S. Census reported that approximately 2.6 million full-time, year-round workers were subsisting at wages that placed them below the poverty line (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003, p. 7). The minimum wage has not been raised in seven years, the longest time span since the law first went into eff ect in 1938. This decline in the real value of the minimum wage over the last seven years translates into lower real wages for millions of workers and contributes to the income gap between poor working families and the middle class. Raising the minimum wage would allow those who make minimum salaries to keep up with inflation. It would help those that need it the most such as single mothers and minorities. In addition, it would cause a ‘ripple effect’ in that wages would also increase for those that make just above the minimum. In 1968, a full-time employee who earned

Describe and analyse the influence of the independant sector on health Essay

Describe and analyse the influence of the independant sector on health care provision in england - Essay Example They are formed and registered by the associated authority. In England, private medication is provided by private medical clubs, occupational medical services, work clubs, fee for service insurances, friendly societies, public medical clubs which was funded by subscription and medical fees paid on an adhoc basis, charities and voluntary hospitals. Doyle & Bull (2000: 122) state that private health care in England serves an important duty as it provides medication to very many people. For example, very many people were insured against health by insuring companies, friendly societies and cash plan companies in the year 1947.These group represents 77% of severe medical and psychiatric impatient and outpatient hospital treatment in the private sector. This is mostly when there is a problem concerning psychiatry, care of the elder, abortion (termination of pregnancy) and through waiting list initiatives. Most of the people in the United States of America do insure themselves with the private medical insurance. The elder and the social classes do insure against the same. Richer people chose to insure with private medical insurance to the extent of about 24% while the poor insures themselves relatively about 3% (Doyle & Bull, 2000:153). According to Shirom (2001: 17), employers are currently doing efforts to insure their employees so as to ensure a stable workforce. In this case there are some experts who practice to insure themselves privately. Some of insurers have established ways to converse and agree about the nature and quality of care offered to insured patients. Also the fact of using the medicine with proven evidence is now affecting the private sectors. The insurance companies notice that some of the procedures are not followed. A good example includes inserting grommets for glue ear and dilation, and curettage in younger woman. Private sectors usually are operated by the individuals and they may not be the government projects, they are in